A claimant made allegations of unfair dismissal, discrimination, and detriment resulting from whistleblowing. While his claim against the Council was subsequently withdrawn early on, the claim against the private limited company proceeded.

The respondent, however, argued that the claimant was a volunteer and that his claims were vexatious, threatening to apply for a strike-out order and a costs award in the range of £2,500 to £3,000, although the case was postponed due to bereavement. The conflict escalated when the claimant sent two emails to the Tribunal, the first expressing extreme concern over the respondent’s costs warning, stating that, in the absence of certainty regarding the maximum costs the Tribunal might award, he was considering withdrawing his claim. Later that afternoon, after receiving no reply, he sent a second email declaring that he wished to confirm the withdrawal of his claim unless the Tribunal assured him that no costs order would be made against him.

However, the Tribunal’s internal processing of these emails was disorganised, and the Employment Judge, having seen only the first email, correctly identified it as a potential tactical withdrawal and invited the claimant to clarify his position within 14 days. However, a staff member who had seen the second email, but not the first, sent a letter treating the claim as having been fully withdrawn and cancelled the upcoming hearing, although the claimant had since explicitly stated that he wished to continue with his claim. The chaos continued with the Tribunal asserting that the claim had been unambiguously withdrawn and could not be resurrected.

However, the Appeals Tribunal ruled in favour of the claimant as he had made his intent to withdraw conditional upon receiving advice or guarantees regarding potential costs. This ruling means that employers and respondents can no longer immediately rely on a frustrated or conditional email from a claimant as a “get out of jail free” card. Thus, in future cases, Judges are expected to be more interventionist when an unrepresented party suggests they want to drop a claim due to fear or pressure rather than through a genuine desire to end the pursuit of justice.

This case marks a potential end to the prevalent tactic of sending “warning letters” over potential costs to pressure claimants into dropping ‘weak claims’. While these letters are legally valid and often necessary, the bar for such tactics has now been raised, and respondents should be wary of using the threat of costs to trigger an automatic procedural win, as judges may now be more sympathetic to those in financial distress.